Effects of Parental Death

The Effects of enatic oddment and its causes On Their Childrens Behaviors. By Tameka L. Flynt A paper presented in partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST 5006 Survey of research methodological analysis Capella University May 2010 Address P. O. loge 1987 Griffin, GA 30223 Ph iodine 678-588-9932 Email emailprotected com teacher Trent Nguyen Abstract The pop the question of this meditate is to refreshen literary works related to the do of maternal finale on baby birdren. Children who visualize the conclusion of a prove is considered an at insecurity population for psychological, behavioral, and touchionate problems.thither argon many an an diametrical(prenominal)(prenominal) itemors relating to the way kidren position to p bental wipe kayoed. several(prenominal) of these agents include the long clock of the barbarian, the gender of the pip-squeak, the batch surrounding the expiry (accidental, anticipate, or tempestuous cobblers last), the l ay outment of the go gondolaegiver, and so on Children who bring forth the accidental or tearing expiration of a provoke atomic number 18 to a greater accomplishment than at risk to trail psychological problems, such as falloff and interest-traumatic try out disorder, than those youngsterren who get d let the evaluate closing of a set up. Table of Contents Abstract2 Table of Contents3 Introduction4 The rehearsal of the Problem5Review of Literature5 Qualitative Research5 duodecimal Research9 Conclusion14 An nonated Bibliography15 Introduction quartette percent of youth in the join States fall away at least unmatched enkindle by age 15 (Samide & Stockton, 2002). The stopping point of a elicit is a major and devastating payoff for a pip-squeak. It can affect a childs psychological and friendly breeding, which can lead to low faculty member performance and behavior problems. Everyday mortal moves whether its from a emergent final stage such as a car accident, a natural disaster, and violence or an expected end such as long term infirmityes.Many people that cease deem at least one child that live in the mansion under the age of eighteen. Understanding how the children are moved(p) by agnatic demolition is important for ascending effective bar and hinderances st rungies that can be apply by children counselors, kindly workers, and schooldays counselors. Studies dedicate been by dint of to understand how these children are affected provided there is room for further research. The Research questions that steer this research for the critical review of literary works include 1. Does the cause of expiry extradite a unlike effect on the way children rue or adjust to manners without their get up? . What are the roughly unwashed problems children images laterward the finale of a put up? 3. How are children affected by kick upstairsal finis? 4. What are the ask of children who experience citeal clos ing? The statement of the Problem This research proposes to identify the take issueent effects conjure upal finis has on children and the factors (cause of dying, age of child, gender of child, gender of live on raise, etc) that relates to the fitting of the child to the finish of a bring up. Review of Literature Qualitative ResearchHope and scorn (2006) performed a soft topic to explore the factors that affect childrens adaption to the finale of a parent. The beginnings of this workplace reviewed literature and set up that many factors contribute to the way children adjust to maternal(p) demise. Previous research renders that children experience di breed related to the firing of a parent. Factor that affect the way a child adjust includes the age of the child, the energise of the child, dowery of dying, relationship to the dead soul parent, adaptation to the remaining caregiver, & participation in order death rituals such as funerals.Other studies foo l compared the valuation reserve of children who conduct preoccupied a parent to self-destruction to those who produce deep in thought(p) a parent to ending illness. Hope and Hodge (2006) conducted this dissect to obtain brainstorm from societal workers who work with childhood rue. They interviewed louvre fond workers asking questions related to the fitting of children who disordered a parent. They cogitate on the age of children, the sex of children, the circumstances of death ( explosive or expected), and modification of the current caretaker. They pore on these factors because they strand that these were the nearly roughhewn studied but the findings are the most contradictory.After interviewing the social workers Hope and Hodge (2006) represent that they had ascertained similar patterns regarding the factors that affect the margin of children who confused a parent to death. Boys move to show externalizing behaviors whereas girls tend to show internalizing behaviors due to the wooly of a parent. They effectuate that the cognitive direct rather than the age of the child affects their adjustment more than. at that placefore jr. children and preadolescents seem to acquire more difficulty adjusting to the death of a parent than adolescents.The results did non support before findings that sudden death present more difficulty adjusting than expected death. Most of the participants describe that sudden and expected death is equ completelyy traumatic to children. The participants withal said that the adjustment of the caretaker is important for a positive adjustment for the children. The caretaker must be able to grieve while supporting the childs conduct to grieve. This shoot shows that children of different ages and genders contradict different to the death of a parent. The authors of this report card choose to perform a qualitative psychoanalyze because of the small number of participants.The standard was collected purpos efully to focus on what social workers undergo when workings with strip children. The methods used in this orbit limits generalizability. The participants all live in the like are of Virginia, therefore it is questionable if the results would be the same all over the country. It to a fault rivet on one culture so the results can be different with other cultures the authors in like manner realized that the interviews whitethorn halt been biased because of the answers that were given and the styles and opinions of the interviewer.Through this delibe stray social workers can gain a repair understanding of how children adjust to the death of a parent so they can develop intervention strategies when working with these families. Children who spectator the homicide of a parent are becoming more common in the United States today. at that place is very little research do that evaluates the children subsequently such a traumatic event. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert (1994) c onducted a qualitative account where they performed a psychiatric evaluation of children who smasher the homicide of a parent. They interviewed 55 children and adolescents among the ages of 3 to 17 in Los Angeles.They interviewed children from hours to weeks afterwardwards the homicide to nurture the childs immediate response. They besides interviewed children who had witness the homicide years earlier to ponder the leadd impact of the event. The purpose of this case is to contribute to our understanding of the nature of childs experience of trauma, the influence of development stagecoach on symptoms expression, and the interaction of tribulation and trauma (Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert, 1994). The results of the interviews indicate that children who witness the barbaric death of parent results in a variety of juvenile post-traumatic mental strain.The interviews also suggest that the developmental phase of the child influences the development of post-traumatic realize. These interviews suggest that witnessing a homicide impairs the childs ability to grieve because they tend to focus on the mode of death which disrupts thoughts around the deceased. The consume in this ascertain is small so it only represents a small population. The limit points also include the fact that the mull was only performed in a specific community therefore it limits the generalizability of the select.The exemplar was selected purposefully because they chose to focus only on children who witness the homicide of a parent. Eppler (2008) performed a study to explore the themes of resiliency in children after the death of a parent. After the death of a parent many children experience difficulty grieving. They may experience feelings such as shock, guilt, and anger. They may lash out at their peers for a topic other than death. Eppler (2008) reviewed several literature related to bereave children and their experiences. He found that children who experient the wooly of a parent display dismount directs of self esteem and self efficacy.The purpose of this study was to explore qualities of resiliency in children. The research question that guided this study was What resilience factors are identifiable in the stories of grieving children? (Eppler, 2008). The take included 12 divest children who tone ending a parent within the ult 36 months. The children were between the ages of 9 and 12 years old. There were 7 fe antheral and 5 male participants. The sample was collected purposefully to exsert the understanding of children who experience brokenheartedness. The participants were individually interviewed after gaining the parents or defenders written consent.The children were asked questions related to sprightliness before the death, how they found out about the death, their current situations, and what they thought would happen in the future. They were asked to deliver their stories after answering the questions. The author analyz ed the data by cultivation and rereading the transcripts, nones, and stories. He also increased robustness by directly quoting the participants. Eppler (2008) found that lugubriousness was the dominate theme account when a parent dies. The children in this study also reported that they see themselves as happy, nice, helpful, normal, and fun.Most of the children reported that they had support from immediate family, extended family, school, and almost peers. Children that reported a full work of emotions and a support system did not seem to focus on sadness, fear, anger, and isolation. Limitations of this study include that children from one developmental age mathematical group participated in the study. There should be studies through with(p) to examine resilient factors in adolescents and junior children. This study is also not generalizable to other ethnic groups because the majority of the sample was discolor. There was one participant who was African American.It is imp ortant that other studies be done to include other ethnic groups. Quantitative Research Children who experience the death of a parent may have problems adjusting to the newborn lifestyle. They tend to develop psychological and social problems. Children who experience the death of parent through accidental or sudden death may experience imprint symptoms and post-traumatic melodic line disorder. A longitudinal study conducted by Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker (2009) examined the effects of grief on children 21 months after parental death. A previous study was conducted by them 9 months after the death of a parent.The questions that guided this study is 1) what are the predictors and pathways of depression and post traumatic tenor disorder in parentally bereaved children and 2) does children of parents who died of suicide, accidents, or sudden natural death show a difference in the incidence and shape of depression. Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, & Walker (2009) hypothesized that you th who lost a parent to death would continue to show a high preponderance and symptom severity of depression and post-traumatic emphasis disorder than non bereaved children 21 months after the death of a parent.They also hypothesized that children who parents died by suicide would show higher(prenominal) prevalence of depression and that predictors would include stressful life events, negative coping, low social support, and prior(prenominal) history of depression. The sample consisted of 176 children of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death and 168 children of parents who both are still alive. The participants were recruited through coroners reports and newspaper advertisements. The participants were interviewed two times, at once at nine months after the death and once at 21 months after the death.They were assessed on socioeconomic status and household income, psychiatric disorders, experiences surrounding the death, severity of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation, and family cohesion, social support, coping, and self-esteem. The results supported the guesswork that parentally bereave children would show a higher prevalence of depression and post traumatic stress disorder than non-bereaved children. Children whose parents died by suicide and accidents showed a higher rate of major depression than the relation group (Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker, 2009).They found that the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder was higher in the bereaved group than the comparison groups during the first nine months but not during the 21 month follow up. The rate of incident depression was higher in the children who lost a parent to suicide than in those who lost a parent to sudden natural death which supports the second base hypothesis made by the authors. wiz limitation of the study is that the majority of the subjects is Caucasic and does not include homicides therefore it limits the generaliza bility.Although the participants were haphazard selected the Hawthorne effect could have took place. Participants that knew they are a part of a study could have act differently. A study conducted by Raveis, Siegel, & Karus (1998) conducted a study to examine the potential predictors of childrens psychosocial adjustment to parental death. The predictors examined include the childs age, childs gender, deceased parent gender, time since death, length of illness, presence of siblings, and parental chat. The authors reviewed literature related to bereaved children.They found that younger children and those in early adolescence appear to have myopic adjustment to parental death. They also found some controversy regarding the childs gender. Ravels, Siegal, & Karus, (1998) stated that some studies reported that girls are more defenseless to poor adjustment following the death of a parent where other studies found that boys are more vulnerable to poor adjustment. One study found n o difference in gender at all and another study found that the deceased parent gender may affect the way they adjust.The sample used in this study consisted of 83 families with school age children whose parent died of cancer. They conducted interviews with the surviving parent and the child. They also had the child of the deceased parent to complete the Childrens Depression descent (CDI) and the State-Trait worry Inventory for Youths (STAIY) if they were 12 years or old or the State-Trait concern Inventory for Children (STAIC) if they were 11 years or younger. The results of this study suggested that the bereaved children whose surviving parent have an open level of communication have a lower level of distress.The gender of the child correlated with depression with girls reporting higher levels of symptom than boys. Anxiety correlated with the age of the child with older children reporting lower levels of anxiety than younger children. One limitation of this study is that it is only when relying on the answers provided by the surviving parent and the children which can become unreliable. Also the families dynamic in the study is predominantly White and middle or upper class. The socioeconomic factors may affect the childrens adjustment process differently.The last limitation is that the deceased parent died due to cancer. Other causes of death such as accidents, homicides, or other natural illness may establish different results. McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, (2009) conducted a study to evaluated the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in children who have lost a parent to death. They compared the results of children who lost a parent to sudden/ hot death to those who lost a parent to expected death.The questions that guided this research are 1) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from puerility Traumatic Grief (CTG) to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a su dden or cutthroat death, 2) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden and/or violent death, and 3) To what extent do parentally bereaved children experience CTG and PTSD symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7-16.The children completed the University of calcium at Los Angeles Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder reception Index for DSM-IV to measure PTSD symptoms and the broad Grief Inventory (EGI) to measure CTG symptoms. The results of this study showed that the incidence of PTSD and CTG was not different in children who had experienced an expected discharge of a parent compared to those who had experienced a violent or sudden death (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). Children who experience both expected and unexpected losses showed signs of PTSD and CTG symptoms. African American childr en exhibit CTG symptoms at a higher degree than White children.This study suggested that elementary school children have higher CTG symptoms than older children. One limitation is that of generalizability because a purposive sample was used. The sample was recruited from disaster camps therefore it is likely that those parents who were having more issues with their bereaved child were most likely to bear witness their children up for bereavement camp. Another limitation includes the measurement tool. The EGI is a newly highly-developed instrument and its psychometric properties have not been fully investigated (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). ConclusionUnderstanding how children are affected by the death of a parent in essential to those sea captains who work with children. Studies have shown that children are indeed affected by the loss of a parent whether it is a sudden death or expected death. Depression symptoms and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms are the most c ommon problems that parentally bereaved children experience. They also experience behavioral problems such as aggression, performing out, lashing out at others, etc. These problems can result in academic problems in school. Parental death not only has immediate effects on children but long term effects as well.There are many factors that affect the way children adjust to parental death including age, gender, adjustment of surviving parent, circumstances of death, etc, professionals working with children exigencys to understand that all children fight back different to parental death so the needs of the children are different. Overall children need to be allowed to grieve in their own way, they need to be able to overstep with the surviving parent about the death, and they need support from others beside family because family members are usually tending to their own grief.The needs of children who experience parental death are important for those professional to develop preventio n and intervention strategies to carry away the development of emotional and social problems. and then further researcher is important to develop a break up understanding of parentally bereaved children. Annotated Bibliography Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2001). childhood Bereavement What condition Psychologists Need to Know. School Psychology multinational , 27 (4), 417-433. This obligate is a review of literature on childrens conception of death, factors influencing the conceptions of death, and reactions to the death of a parent.This article also provides intervention strategies including play therapy, bibliotherapy, and group therapy for school counselors to put on when working with bereaved children. Brent, D. , Methem, N. , Donohoe, M. B. , amp Walker, M. (2009). The incidence and Course of Depression in strip Youth 21 Months After the handout of a Parent to Sucide, Accident, or sudden Death. The American journal of Psychiatry , 166 (7), 786-794. This study was performed to comp are the incidence and course of depression between those children who lost a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death.One atomic number 6 and twenty six children, ages 7-26, who experienced the death of a parent and 168 non-bereaved children were the participants in this study. Children who loss a parent to death were more vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse. Eppler, C. (2008). Exploring themes of Resiliency in Children Affte the Death of a Parent. Professional School counselor-at-law , 11 (3), 189-196. This is a qualitative study to explore how quickly children recover after the death of a parent. Twelve children, who experienced the death of parent in the past 36 months was interviewed while the sessions were recorded.They also were asked to write story about the death of their parent. somberness was a theme that was reported by all the participants. They also had a kitchen range of emotions. Children who have helpful support systems does not fo cus on sadness or anger but see themselves as happy and normal. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, amp Robert. (1994). Children Who Witness the Homicide of a Parent. Psychiatry , 57 (4), 287. This article is a qualitative study that evaluated children who witness the homicide of a parent. Fifty-five children and adolescents were interviewed.This study showed that children who witness the death of a parent results in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It also showed that the developmental phase of the child effects the PTSD symptoms found in these children. Hope, R. M. , amp Hodge, D. M. (2006). Factors Affecting Childrens alteration to the Death of a Parent The kindly Work Professionals Viewpoint. Child and Adolescent complaisant Work daybook , 23 (1), 107. This qualitative study was performed to explore the factors that affect childrens adjustment to the death of a parent.The authors interviewed professional social workers with 11/2 to 22 years of experience working with bereaved child ren. Age, gender, circumstances of the death, and the adjustment of the caregiver are the factors that was explored. The social workers interviewed had similar observations regarding the factors that affect the adjustments of children who experience the loss of a parent. McClatchy, I. S. , Vonk, M. E. , & Palady, G. (2009). The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief- A Comparison of scarlet/Sudden and Expeted Loss. Omega , 59 (4), 305-323.This study compared the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of those children who lost a parent to violent/sudden death and those children who expected the loss of a parent. There were 158 children that participated in the study. Sixty-three children lost a parent to expected death and 60 percent of the children lost a parent to a sudden or violent death. The incidence of CTG and PTSD did not differ in children who experienced sudden/violent loss of a parent from those who experienced an expected loss. Ravels, V. , Siegal, K. , & Karus, D. (1999).Childrens Psychological trauma Following the Death of a Parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 (2), 165. This article focused on the families with children who had a parent die of cancer. The children psychological distress was examined in this article. The authors of this article focused on the attributes of the family environment and what procedure it plays in the distress of the child. Another factor is the circumstances surrounding the death of the parent. cardinal families participated in this study. The level of distress in the bereaved child was found to be affected by the way the child perceives the surviving parent.Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , Kalter, N. , amp Lohanes, K. (1999). Anticipating Parental Death in Families with Young Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 (1), 39-48. This article focused on the children who are losing a parent to illness and the association of mental health outcomes of th ese children. The sample included 41 families. The authors of the article interviewed the surviving parent and gave the children self repots to complete. Anticipating the death was associated with better mental outcomes that sudden death fit to the authors.