Creativity and entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Creativity and entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleThe social network studies scholars had claimed that creativity of an private or a concern is significantly dependent on social networks that are static over time. The static network concepts are basically single network point at a time. Here networks are either described on the basis of their position or strength. However, it should be noted that the exact relationship existing between social network and creativity is not clearly known. Even so, it is believed that creativity of an individual or an organization is a factor of social process. At the initial stages it was believed that social networking viewpoint of creativity was only a one dimensional static concept (Perry-Smith and Shalley, 2003). However, over time it is be that the concept can be multidimensional in nature, including both static and dynamic perspectives. Creativity and progress of an organization can only be tackled by its promoters or entrepreneurs. This essay will analyze the most appropriate approach of social networking perspective of creativity in context of entrepreneurship.The social network perspective has been advocated by Perry-Smith and Shalley (2003), which identifies interpersonal interaction and interpersonal conference as two important antecedents or precursors to creativity. This concept has been previously agreed upon by various scholars such as Amabile (1996) and Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin (1993), proposing that communication of information and ideas enhance creativity. Interpersonal communication has been linked to creativity and knowledge level skills. Similarly, interpersonal interaction includes communication with people across diverse backgrounds, specialization areas and responsibilities (Woodman et al., 1993). Thus, one of the major factors differentiating social network perspective is its dynamic relationship and

Organizational Behavior - How a successful Iranian based company like Research Paper - 1

Organizational Behavior - How a successful Iranian based company like Hirbodan is surviving in tinder times of sanctions against Iran - Research Paper ExampleHibordan organizational structure contributed to its success (Sigh 12). They have a well-structured organization pattern where the Board of directors seats a top, the mid(prenominal) level management, and then lower management. This kind of structure facilitates decision-making and coordination of members in an organization. They use a technique in management called theory Y in penury of its employees. Under these theory employees show commitment to goals and accept responsibility. Theory Y has enable Hirbodan to have a goal-oriented workforce (Champoux 16).Iranian economy has suffered a skunk from the sanctions imposed by the international community. Sanction imposed on the government of president Ahmedinejhad, include ban on Iranian oil, which is the backbone of Iranian economy. This has unnatural several industries Hirbod an included. To worsen the situation President Amedinajhads plan on reforms on subsidy of 2010 removed subsidies on electricity and water affected industries. Iranian currency depreciated much making the cost of living rise and inflation skyrocketed (Sigh 18). The cost of running of a company turned senior high due to high cost of importing raw materials. The effects on Iran are adverse that companies are hoping for the best to have an enabling environment for investment. Hirbodan Rose against all odds and wage the storm, due to its strong foundation and the expertise offered by the founding professional. It coordinated with companies in Engineering, procurement& construction (EPC) to have its operations outside Iran (Sapru 36). correspond to the chairperson of Hirbodan, their success during hard times was through definitive strategies and logical solutions to firms problems, which include reduction of financial debt in both local anaesthetic and foreign banks. It focused on mean s of increasing revenue to trade on real estate. They created teams to deal with opportunities and threats then sort problems

Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture - Essay ExampleAccording to Isozaki, the poetic imagination stands out as the only way to restore architecture at a historical moment especially after it appeared to be ruined by creative lethargy of late-modernism (Petit, 2008, p.153). The poetic work of Isozaki gives a complex analysis of the Japanese city in terms of reflecting to the monstrosities of the disastrous war. The monstrosities highlights the existence of human nature and should, therefore, be included in the image of architecture.Isozaki utilizes the human life motive to make people understand the family relationship that exists between the finitude of human life and the precariousness of architectural fantasies. By importantly combining effects of distorting and moving mirrors, image, light and sound, Isozaki develops an effective and bodily experience that turns the mirror image of exhibition hence leading to the realization of surcharge and sterile approach of architecture (Petit, 2008, p.153). The li nking of the architectural developments to the past experiences, and the related aesthetic of fragmentation, characterizes the contemporary architectural works of Isozaki. In fact, he argued that for an architect to evade chew consumption that might be cast by the technocrat and not abandon design, then the architect must be ready to maintain a relationship with reality, which in most cases is characterizes by ironical and paradoxical (Petit, 2008, p.157).This paper tries to analyze Isozaki Frankenstein architecture project and trying to understand how the project is significant both in relation to the development of city and the emergence of diverse range of medium in everyday life. In trying to do so, several literature allow for be reviewed. The paper will then review the concepts from other sources in response to the question above.Isozaki utilizes the concepts of paradoxical reference to the past to demonstrate

Legal Age for Alcohol Consumption Essay Example for Free

Legal Age for Alcohol Consumption EssayDifferent governments ca-ca hop on set ups for legal consumption of alcohol. For instance, in or so western states individuals down the stairs 18 years of age should non consume alchohol. Other countries brook an age limit of 15 years (Miller, 2010). All these governments have reasons for setting this age requirements for alcohol consumption. For example, some argue that raising the legal age limit may non have an impact on society, if people do not have the will and zeal to stop ir answerable drinking. Others argue that raising the legal age limit would allow individuals to drink when they are mature and responsible (Kolander, 2011). This would reduce chances of irresponsible drinking. I believe governments should raise the legal age requirement for alcohol consumption, as an effort to reduce the minus impacts of alcohol to society. I support the idea of raising the age limit for alcohol consumption.However, I in addition believ e that this cannot be a successful measure to deal with the negative impacts of alcohol to society, without using other avenues. For instance, governments should implement a program to educate the youth on the negative impacts of alcohol. According to reports from a number of police departments, most youth consume alcohol when they have not met the age limit. This implies that raising the age limit can only be effective if parents instill moral philosophy in their young children (Miller, 2010). Therefore, the religious groups and the family have a massive role to play in regulating early consumption of alcohol. Secondly, raising the age limit for consumption of alcohol will reduce the harm of alcohol on the health of consumers. Individuals suffer from chronic effects due to alcohol consumption when they have access to it at early ages. For instance, the danger that an individual who started consuming alcohol at the age of 18, is more severe than that of an individual who started d rinking at 25.wellness experts have claimed that early exposure to alcohol consumption has drastic effects on key internal body organs, compared to individuals who start consuming alcohol at late ages. In addition, raising the legal age for alcohol consumption reduces chances of addiction, due to less exposure (Billings, 2010). Early exposure to alcohol consumption has also led to a deteriorated culture in society. Families have broken up due to irresponsible drinking by children, who end up indulging in other criminal activities such as burglary, to finance their alcoholic behavior. At the current legal requirement of 18 years, most youth may not have the finances to finance their consumption of alcohol. This makes them depend on their parents by lying to them, to get money. In the event that the parents are not able to gibe the financial demands of the children, the children look for other options to financial stability. Some go to the extent of stage managing kidnaps to get mone y from parents.This has eroded the positive values of society, especially the youth, who are the largest group of the worlds population (Kolander, 2011). In conclusion, the above illustrations indicate that early exposure to alcohol consumption has more negative effects than positives. For example, individuals have a high probability of acquiring health complications, such as lung and kidney infections. Secondly, early access to alcohol consumption also erodes the morality of society.In addition, early alcohol consumption may also affect the academic life of young adults, who end up as addicts to alcohol. These young adults also face the brat of joining illegal gangs in society. Thus, it would be reasonable to suggest that governments should consider revising the legal age limit upwards. However, other institutions in society moldiness also aid in alleviating the negative impacts of alcohol to society. Religious groups and the family should provide advice to young adults on the dan gers of early alcohol consumption.ReferencesBillings, S. (2010, October 24). Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Raised to 25 to Eliminate Deadly College Partying? Retrieved July 19, 2012, from christwire.org http//christwire.org/2010/10/should-the-legal-drinking-age-be-raised-to-25-to-eliminate-deadly-college-partying/ Kolander, R. W. (2011). Drug Abuse Prevention. New York Jones Bartlett Learning. Miller, W. R. (2010). Rethinking Substance Abuse What the Science Shows, and What We Should Do

Lies My Teachers Told Me Essay Example for Free

Lies My Teachers Told Me Es formulateAs I watched the video and read parts of the books, I began to wonder why they would lie. Throughout school, they teach us to be honest and truthful in everything we say and do. So therefore why would they lie to us? According to James W. Loewen, Taking ideas seriously does non fit with the rhetorical style of textbooks, which presents events so as to make them seem foreordained along a line of constant progress. He goes on to say that including ideas would make history contingent. It would present uncertainty.That would not be consider a textbook learning style. Textbooks unfold history as melodrama, instead of with drama or suspense. An example would be John Brown. The treatment of Brown, like the treatment of Slavery and Reconstructino, has changed in American history books. John Brown was considered insane from 1890 until 1970, then slowly began to change back over into sane. Some textbooks emphasize the claim that no slaves actually joi ned John Brown. At times, I recall it would just be easier to go back in time like in the movie Bill and Teds Excellent Adventure.Not only would we get the truth, but we would have seen bits and pieces of it. I think more and more students would enjoy history more if we actually got the truth rather than lies. I think that if we had the suspense and drama, we would learn more. To me in luxuriously school, history was a mixture of english and math. All of the boring parts of those two classes combined into one. The teacher was not much better either. I think if the teacher made it more exciting.

Logical and physical networking Essay Example for Free

Logical and physical intercommunicateing EssayAs used in computer world, meshinging is simply the connection of two or more computers in orderliness for the computers to communicate to each other and sh ar resources and information. This is very important for an dapple set up. It enables the office workers to transfer computer files without moving from their respective work stations. It likewise makes it possible for all the computers in an organization to be connected to integrity printer. This in return brings about considerable reduction of the employees movement in the office leading to reduction of wasted time due to unnecessary movement. The movement of information is also very fast. Networking of computers consists of two parts which is the physical profiting and perspicuous networking. physiologic networking As depicted from the term, this is where the physical aspect of the networking is addressed. The components to be networked are listed and the exact location of these components put into consideration. The distance of the components from each other is considered as this affect the cables length length to be used. If a client consults an expert to help him in networking then he/she will give more of the physical networking details.The expert in return might fine tune the details in order to come up with a drawing that signifys the actual physical network. The physical layout make up represents the diagram of the actual floor (the way it would appear when viewed from the ceiling). Various physical components like the, printers, fax machines and s fagners are represented utilize the appropriate symbols. The other ludicrous components which are useful in networking are as listed below Hub- this acts as the connecting point of the devices and is usually placed at the centre of the network.Bridges These are the devices that are incorporated in the network to improve it, though put and operated at a more intelligent level than the hubs. They are always placed mingled with two hubs in the network. Switch This uses a bridging technology to forward traffic between ports. Routers A router has two basic functions namely path determination using a variety of metrics and forwarding packets from one network to another Difference between Logical and physiologic Network Designs. Logical networkingBefore addressing the issue of the part of cable to be used and other related components the logical design network should come first. This involves assessing the needs for network and it serves as the basis of coming up with the appropriate physical infrastructure. This design should address the basic issues such as what the users are doing on the network, and the applications in immediate and distant future. The major issue is the logical addressing used to describe the network itself or the network it connects to.It shows the different IP addresses associated with each part of the network. The class of the network is to be c hosen. The logical network can be a simple class C network such as 192. 168. 0. 0 with subnet mask of 255. 255. 255. Such a network will supply a host of up to 254 computers connected to it without the necessity of routing. The future growth and expansion should be put into consideration when intent a logical networking. This is a point which many people tend to overlook only to be faced with conundrums such as running short of IP Addresses.It is advisable when designing a network to leave room for future expansion of up to 60% of the current size. The budget, the implementation deadline, security requirement for the network and the impact of downtime and network drag on users are the non technical consideration that should be in logical networking Difference between Logical and Physical Network Designs. Physical and logical diagrams When networking the network design can be represented both physically and logically.The diagrams are helpful as they act as troubleshooting tool for the IT employee when there is a problem with seeing a device on the network, adding items to the network, understanding what IP addresses are available, adding items on the network and sharing devices across the network. The physical network is more of a pictorial representation as compared to the logical diagram. For example a certain work station with deuce-ace computers can be represented by one computer symbol in the logical diagram with the three computer addresses.For the physical diagram this station will be represented by the three computer symbols which will sometimes depict the actual positions of the computers in the work station Logical and Physical Network Designs, 2005. The physical diagrams are vital in capturing a variety of information in the network. Computers are connected to the hub and a cable line shows how they are connected. The diagram helps in visualizing how much equipment is needed and to show the avower what the client needs.The administrator creates the physical network diagram to represent the physical layout of the network. The following are typical ways of representing the physical and the logical diagram. Physical network representation Source http//www. edrawsoft. com/network-drawings. php Logical network diagram Source http//www. edrawsoft. com/Logical-Network. php The logical network helps one in understanding IP addresses and also used to represent how the network connections are using the upper layer of the OSI.The logical network diagrams are created after the physical network diagrams. References Difference between Logical and Physical Network Designs. Retrieved 20 February 2009 http//www. firewall. cx/ftopict-1176. html Edraw Networks (2009). Logical network diagrams. Retrieved 20 February 2009 http//www. edrawsoft. com/Logical-Network. php Logical and Physical Network Designs (2005), Retrieved 20 February 2009 from http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Logical-Physical-Network-Design/57593

Analysing and Applying Business Process Reengineering

Analysing and Applying Business transit ReengineeringIn the first part of this assignment the meaning of occupation coordinate reengineering (BPR) is analysed. In more details, it is outlined how air runes might be reengineered to meliorate company or physical compositional performance. The themes covered atomic number 18The importance of BPR in organizationsThe objectives of implementing BPRThe specific techniques that can be hired (like figure out mapping)The required up needingThe possible problems in implementation (like resistance)As about the sec part, a critical evaluation is made concerning the statement of McCabe (2004 851) BPR does non argufy hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and big businessman relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. In this section of the assignment it is critically evaluated the proposition that BPR in fact does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical run across and in several(prenominal) measurable respects simply reinforces them. abridgment OF PART 1.The term of BPRToday the air world is characterized by unpredictable revisions, under the g throwal competition and the customers demands. To be successful in such an environment, a firm must operate with invigorate, flexibility, low overheads and a clearly defined customer focus. The term clientele process reengineering (BPR) refers to an attack that is used by organizations desire improvements in their business performance (Anonymous, 2007).The importance of BPRThere is a series of driving forces, which trigger companies to undertake reengineering projects. These are customers, competition, tack, cost, technology and shareholders and they lead to a fatality of new organizational structures and an alteration of the handed-down delegacy of doing business. Organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it attends them achieve the radi cal change requisite for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organisation. Though its structure integrated processes are generated concerning the nature of peoples jobs and how people are grouped and organized in the working environment. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. When the concept of process is promoted in the BPR, cross boundary teamwork is incorporated and process shifts the intent focus on performance measurement and managerial responsibility from a function or responsibility center to an activity derivative process concept. So, BPR defines process teams as an important element in the business environment where work becomes multidimensional, substantive and more rewarding (Anonymous, 2007).It can be concluded that the importance of BPR is free-base at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for change operations. BPR provides a process view of the organisation and a way of upward(a) processes. Using this approach a company will be organized based on processes. As a result, processes are simplified, flows are improved and non value added work is eliminated (Schroeder, 2000). BPR is a complete life cycle approach. This provides the scope for problem identification and also solutions to implement the successful business operations. BPR can significantly improve cost, whole tone, service and speed simultaneously, so important results are provided to customers (Thyagarajan and Khatibi, 2004).It can be supported that organisations should focus on BPR for three key reasons Firstly, there is much to be gained by improving business process. Secondly, business processes can be controlled and finally business processes are comparatively more important than production processes (Anonymous, 2007).The objectives of BPRBPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The BPR objectives refer toimproved operational performance, by closing performance gapsimproved competencies, by closing skill and competency gaps rock-bottom costs and manpower savings, by application of management analysis tools and techniquesimproved customer services or employee quality of life developmentd customer propitiationincreased productivity in the workplacecontinuous improvement of services qualitydelivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely mould(Anonymous, 2010a).The expert tools used in BPRThere are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. These techniques enable the organization to understand, simplify and improve processes that already exist, not only to meet, but also to exceed the expectations of customers and provide a coordinating discipline for overall performance improvement (Anonymous, 2007).The selection of technical tools for BPR depends upon(i) the nature of decision areas,(ii) the nature of data to be analysed, and(iii) t he background of users.Table 1. The specific techniques that can be used in BPRAreas to be reengineeredTechniques used in BPRBPR strategiesDecision support scheme and Knowledge-based modelsBusiness process system designAnalytical models such as queuing and simulations modelsProject managementPERT/CPM and Flow ChartsReengineering business processActivity-based analysis and workflow model including flow chartDesign of information system for reengineering business processObject-oriented models and programmingUnderstanding of the business process systemIDEF Models, EFQM Models, Petri-Net Models(Gunasekaran and Kobu, 2002).Process Mapping is a technique kn aver as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is one of the sudden ways to lower errors, increase productivity and affect customer service. It generally follows these stepsChoose a process.Assemble a team.Map out the way work is currently done.Ident ify problem areas.Brainstorm solutions.Evaluate action steps.Assign responsibilities.Create a master plan.Follow through.(Anonymous, 2010b).Process Mapping is an important tool in examining work flow and customer supplier relationships, which is the foundation for get hold of improvements. Additionally, it is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication. (Damelio, 1996).Many organizations use this technique as a part of their reengineering projects, as it provides a variety of benefits (figure 1).Figure 1. The briny benefits of implementing process mapping technique(Image available at the website http//www.google.gr, accessed 8-10-2010)The BPR trainingImplementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as the appeared changes require changes in attitudes and ambiguous involvement of workforce both in individual and team train. As a result, the fact that a maj or aspect of BPR is military man factor, it makes obvious that appropriate training is required in order to implement successfully BPR in the business environment. Companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR.Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing the organisations mindset. A company might offer the suitable training programs so as to effectively implement BPR processes (Daft, 2006)According to White (2010) business process reengineering education and training can come in a variety of ways, including instruction more about process design at a graduate level.Using online continuing education options for further education.Attending seminars that cover various aspects of business process reengineering.The possible problems in BPR implementationVarious radical changes occur when BPR takes place. Hammer and Champy (1993, cited in Anonymous, 2007) have listed the v arious kinds of changes that occur when a company re-engineers its business process.A shift from functional departments to process teamsJob changeA reversal of the power relationship from superordinate to subordinate empowerment .Today markets are characterized by a high flow of information and companies face competitive business environments. Under this reality, organizations must follow effective strategies concerning change management (Robbins, 2001). BPR has to do with improving company or organizational performance, so its implementation requires the changes mentioned above often in a rapid way of implementation in attitudes and obscure involvement of workforce both in individual and team level. These changes often refer to redefinition of charts structure and/ or redesign of the workforces roles and responsibilities. The new situation can bring resistance to change, so managers should visualize carefully the way BPR implementation will take place. Managers should support u nderstanding and trust concerning the new situation and minimize suspense within the workplace.The suggestions for dealing with the possible resistance to change are the followingDetermining the goals of BPR implementation.Establishing a clear view about the changes that will occur in the workplace.Applying a direct communication rule between managers and employeesChecking the procedures of re-engineering, so as to deal with possible problems and find solutions.Focusing on performance measures and compensation shiftsEnhancing customer focus as about value changeShowing an appropriate management behaviour, through control and supervisionUnder these suggestions the changes in the business process, lob and structures, management and measurement systems, determine and beliefs will result in a flatter organizational structure. As a consequence all the aspects (people, jobs, managers and values) are associate together and the organization will become more responsive in BPR implementat ion (Anonymous, 2007).ANALYSIS OF PART 2.In this section it will be critically evaluated the statement of McCabe (2004 851) BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus.In order to make this evaluation, it is essential to introduce the issue of hierarchical authority in an organizations environment. Hierarchical structures are present in most organizations today. Smaller organizations whitethorn have only two levels, while larger ones may have a vast number of levels. These structures are used as a method of communications and as the lines of authority. In an organizational environment, the hierarchy mainly apart of a singular/group of power at the top with subsequent levels of power beneath them. Members of such structures chiefly communicate with their immediate superior and with their immediate subordinates. Hierarchical authority structures are providing th e opportunity for greater decision-making width for individuals and more tractile definitions of job activities. This is a challenge to existing organizational forms (Zhao, Rosson and Purao, 2007).In a hierarchical organisation employees are ranked at various levels within the organisation, to each one level is one above the other. At each stage in the chain, one person has a number of proles directly under them, within their orthodontic braces of control. A tall hierarchical organisation has many levels and a flat hierarchical organisation will only have a few (Anonymous, 2010d). At figure 2 a traditional hierarchy is given.Figure 2. A traditional hierarchy diagram(Hierarchical Organisation, available at the website http//www.learnmanagement2.com, accessed 18-10-2010)CHIEF EXECUTIVE autobusMANAGERMANAGERASSISTANT MANAGERASSISTANT MANAGERASSISTANT MANAGER facultySTAFFSTAFFSTAFFSTAFFSTAFFSTAFFSTAFFSTAFFIt is obvious that hierarchies within control systems are a clear need for bus iness environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. There ate two kinds of control systems flat and hierarchical. Hierarchical architectures have a more mediate coupling of perceptions to actions through a hierarchical control structure. Both kinds of control systems have benefits, but hierarchical structure can support faster acquisition and a better way to deal with resistance to change (Digney, 1998)Control is a fundamental managerial function. It is the process of regulating organizational activities so that certain performance conforms to expected organizational standards and goals and ensures that necessary corrective action is taken. In fact, control is ensuring work accomplishment according to plans. It is a process of ensuring that activities are producing desired results. We can support that control is an executive function involving three elements, i.e., standards, evaluative and corrective action . BPR is the latest wave in a series of management initiatives to increase managerial control (Gupta, 2010).According to the issues covered in the analysis of part one of this assignment, business process reengineering is proved to be a revolutionary, radical change approach to improving organizational performance through transformation. BPR methodologies aim for a flatter organizational structure, promoting the development of empowered process workers who are encouraged to use information technology in radically new ways to carry out business operations. In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised. Authority is settle down enforced through hierarchical control of culture. The reengineering approach polishes the management of power relations, when attempts are made t o change traditional power structures and workaday power relations through the flattening of the hierarchy (Sayer and Harvey, 1997).The introduction of reengineering introduces a new relationship of power in the form of a discipline which the reengineering sustains through communication control. In this new situation any discipline comes with its structures, its hierarchies, its inspections, exercises and methods of training and conditioning (Foucault, 1980, p. 158). BPR is an approach that supports transformation with the notion of producing the flatter organization. Hierarchy and control are still promoted and within BPR, the emphasis lies on changing the formal patterns and using mechanisms of control to change the informal (Sayer and Harvey, 1997).BPR is a strong tool of managerial control. Controlling is the one-fourth function of management process (the other functions are planning, organizing and leading). Through BPR managers can identify whether the organization is on ta rget towards its goals and can make better department of corrections if necessary. In BPR, information technology is generally considered as playing a role as enabler of new forms of organizing and collaborating. New information technology can help managers provide needed organizational control without strict top down constraints. A representative example is that of Cisco Systems By using information technology to coordinate and monitor several aspects of operations, the company keeps tabs on employee and organizational performance without maintaining daily authoritarian control over workers. Cisco employees have amazing freedom to make decision and take actions, but they also know that top managers keep a close eye on what is going on throughout the company (Daft, 2006). approximately businesses try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. BPR assumes radical redesign of business processes. Many processes simply can not be f urther improved in small steps and require a complete redesign in order to improve them in a major way. Hierarchical control is a fundamental element in this effort and managers who desire to organize around outcomes, have people processed their own information, put the decision point where the work is performed and build control into the process, should support the view that BPR can reinforce the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control.BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them.CONCLUSIONSBusiness Process Reengineering includes changes concerning both structures and procedures defined in a business environment. Human, organizational, technological dimensions that characterize an organization can change through BPR. Using this approach, organizations can seek improvements in their b usiness performance.As it was analysed at the first part of this assignment, organizations consider BPR as an important tool of organizational improvement, as it helps them achieve the radical change necessary for todays volatile business environment. Additionally, BPR stresses the importance of linkages within an organization. What is more, through BPR peoples jobs become multidimensional instead of narrow and traditional task orientation. In result, the importance of BPR is found at the fact that it is a dynamic tool for improving operations.BPR is a fundamental element in improving business performance and profitability. The main BPR objectives refer to improved operational performance, improved competencies, reduced costs and manpower savings, improved customer services or employee quality of life, increased customer satisfaction, increased productivity in the workplace, continuous improvement of services quality and delivered quality goods at competitive prices in a timely fash ion.There are different improvement techniques that can be adopted to analyse the BPR. Among them, Process Mapping is a technique known as Process Charting or Flow Charting and is one of the oldest, simplest and most valuable techniques for streamlining work. It is a cost effective training tool for everyone interesting in increasing the efficiency of their organization and improving communication and is highly preferred by enterprises today.Implementing successfully BPR in an organisations environment is not an easy task, as a major aspect of BPR is human factor. So, companies should ensure that their employees are suitably motivated and the technology required for training is available in implementing BPR.Various radical changes occur when BPR takes place, so managers should carefully examine the strategies in change management so as to achieve the best efficiency and deal appropriately with the possible resistance to change that BPR will bring.The second part included a critical evaluation of the statement of McCabe (2004 851) BPR does not challenge hierarchical authority, but instead attempts to reconfigure authority and power relations so as to obscure them through the language of consensus. According to the relevant analysis, within control systems are a clear need for business environments. Without some form of hierarchy, a low level of control can create numerous problems in an organization. Hierarchical structure can support faster learning and a better way to deal with resistance to change, so BPR supports the management initiatives to increase managerial control. . In BPR approaches, empowerment is inflicted by leadership changing worker values and through the use of information technologies enables managerial control. Empowerment through BPR does not necessarily release control but does change the way control is exercised.Most businesses should try to take advantage of BPR concerning dealing with the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control. Thi s is because BPR is a management system of forced, speedy culture change, highly linked to hierarchical control. In fact it does very little to question the fundamental tenets of hierarchical control and in several important respects simply reinforces them.